Question 1: Annual Sales Revenue and Costs (Other Than Depreciation)

`	Year 1	Year 2	Year 3	Year 4
Units	1,350	1,350	1,350	1,350
Unit price	$200	$206	$212.18	$218.55
Unit cost	$100	$103	$106.09	$109.27
Sales	$270,000	$278,100	$286,443	$295,036.3
Cost	$135,000	$139,050	$143,221.5	$147,518.1

The market interest rate, which is the cost of capital, has a premium for inflation. Without the premium for inflation, the real interest rate will be less than the nominal interest rate. This will result in a nominal cash flow, which is greater than real cash flow since nominal cash flow incorporates inflation. Discounting the real cash flow at the nominal interest rate will result in a low net present value.  Thus, it is realistic to discount the real cash flow at the real interest rate and nominal cash flow at the nominal interest rate (Baker & English, 2011). It is much more realistic to calculate the nominal cash flow than to reduce the nominal interest rate to real interest rate.

Question 2: Annual Incremental Operating Cash Flow Statements

	Year 1	Year 2	Year 3	Year 4
Units	1,350	1,350	1,350	1,350
Unit price	$200.00	$206.00	$212.18	$218.55
Unit cost	$100.00	$103.00	$106.09	$109.27
Sales	$270,000	$278,100	$286,443	$295,036
Costs	135,000	139,050	143,222	147,518
Depreciation	99,990	133,350	44,430	22,230
Operating income before taxes (EBIT)	$35,010	$5,700	$98,792	$125,288
Taxes (40%)	14,004	2,280	39,517	50,115
EBIT (1 – T)	$21,006	$3,420	$59,275	$75,173
Depreciation	99,990	133,350	44,430	22,230
Net operating CF	$120,996	$136,770	$103,705	$97,403

Annual Cash Flows Due To Investments in Net Working Capital

	Year 0	Year 1	Year 2	Year 3	Year 4
Sales	–	$270,000	$278,100	$286,443	$295,036
NWC (40% of sales)	40,500	41,715	42,966	44,255	–
CF due to investment in NWC	(40,500)	(1,215)	(1,251)	(1,289)	44,255

After-Tax Salvage Cash Flow

Salvage value	$25,000
Book value	0
Gain or loss	$25,000
Tax on salvage value (at 40%)	10,000
Net terminal cash flow	$15,000

Question 3: Projected Net Cash Flows

	Year 0	Year 1	Year 2	Year 3	Year 4
Long Term Assets	($300,000)	0	0	0	0
Operating Cash Flows	0	$120,996	$136,770	$103,705	$97,403
CF due to investment in NWC	(40,500)	(1,215)	(1,251)	(1,289)	44,255
Salvage Cash Flows	0	0	0	0	15,000
Net Cash Flows	($340,500)	$119,781	$135,519	$102,416	$156,658

 NPV = ∑ {Net Period Cash Flow/ (1+Rate) ^Time} – Initial Investment

=  ($119,781/(1+0.12)¹ )+($135,519/(1+0.12)² )+($102416/(1+0.12)³)+($156,658/(1+0.12)⁴)-$300,000

 = $46,939 

IRR

IRR is the interest rate at which the net present value is equal to zero

IRR = 18.2%.

MIRR = (FVCF(c) / PVCF (fc)) ^ ^{(1 / n) -1}

= 15.7 %

PI

PI=Present value of future cash flows/Initial investment

= ($46,939+$ 300,000)/300,000

= 1.16

Payback Period

Year	0	1	2	3	4
Cash Flow	($340,500)	$119,781	$135,519	$102,416	$156,658
Cumulative Cash Flow for Payback	($340,500)	($220,719)	($85,200)	$17,216	$173,874

Payback Period= 2.8 Years

Discounted Payback Period

Year	0	1	2	3	4
PV(CF)	340500	106947.3	108034.9	72897.61468	99558.92
Cash Flow for Payback	340500	-233553	-125518	-52620.1468	46938.77

Discounted payback period= 3.5 Years

The net present value rule indicates that a project is acceptable if the NPV is positive. In this case, the NPV is positive. The IRR rule, on the other hand, considers the value of IRR and the WAC. If IRR exceeds the WAC, then the project should be undertaken. IRR in this scenario is 18.2%, and WAC is 12%. Thus, the IRR exceeds WAC, and the project is fit to be undertaken. The MIRR rule is similar to that of IRR. Since MIRR is greater than the cost of capital, the project is accepted (Baker & English, 2011). The profitability index is 1.16, which, is higher than 1 meaning the project is profitable. The discounted payback period is 3.5 years. Both the payback period and the discounted payback period are less than the economic life of the machinery. The project will have paid back in 2.8 years and a discounted payback period of 3.5 while the economic life of the machine is four years. This indicates that the project is profitable and thus acceptable. All the rules of capital budgeting indicate that this project should be accepted.

Question 4: Risk

In the context of capital budgeting, a risk is a possibility of an investments actual returns being lower than the expected return. Risk involves losing some of the investment or the entire investment.  The standard deviation measures the risk of specific investment or the average returns of the historical returns (Rüschendorf, 2013).  A high standard deviation is a sign of a high degree of risk. Risk quantification occurs through attaching some probabilities to the happenings of negative events. If it is certain that, an event cannot occur, it gets a probability of zero, and if certain it will occur, it gets a probability of one. The probabilities of and  only occur when the risk is certain. When the risk is uncertain, the probability assigned is between 0and 1. Maximum risk occurs when there is maximum uncertainty at the probability of 0.5.

Some types of project, historical data is very significant in assessing risk. The use of historical data is common when the investment involves an expansion. A company looking to expand can use its historical data to assess the risk involved.  For a new business, a company can look at the historical data of other companies in the same line of business and assess risk. In some instances, historical data may not be available. In such a case, a company will have to depend on the judgment of the executives. Besides, some of the statistics used in analyzing historical data have its basis on subjective judgment. The availability of data determines the method used to quantify risk.

Question 5: Sensitivity Analysis

Sensitivity analysis is a technique used to determine how different values of an independent variable impact on a dependent variable under some given assumptions. It is a way of predicting the outcome of a decision made given a range of variables. It shows how a change in one variable affects the outcome. Capital budgeting incorporates sensitivity analysis to unearth the possible relationships between a project and profitability, sales, liquidity and the overall capital management of the entity.

A)    Primary Weaknesses

Among the major weaknesses of sensitivity analysis is that it is irrelative in nature. It only considers the extent of a change and not the probability of that change occurring. In addition, in standalone form, it offers no solution. The information it provides requires further analysis and interpretation to reach a decision (Baker & English, 2011). It also assumes that variables can change independently of other variables.

B)    Primary Usefulness

Sensitivity analysis is very simple and is a source of information to direct the managements’ planning efforts. Through its application, information becomes available to the management in a form that guides professional decision-making. In addition, it identifies areas where the management needs to concentrate in to attain the overall goal of the organization. The technique is significant in checking for quality (Baker & English, 2011). When the management know which variables are crucial to the success of a project, then they can b able to intensify the success of the project.

 Sensitivity Analysis Diagram

Deviation		NPV Deviation from Base Case
from
Base Case	WACC (r)	Units Sold	Salvage
-30%	$173,928	$14,687	$125,079
-15%	159,237	59,392	126,509
0%	145,337	104,096	127,939
15%	132,172	148,801	129,369
30%	119,693	193,505	130,799
Range	$54,235	$208,193	$5,720

 A steep sensitivity line shows a greater risk. Along the line, a small change in any variables results to a decline in the net present value. From the graph above, the units sold line is steep than the interest rate and salvage value lines. This shows that a small change in estimated sales leads to a large decline in the net present value.. At the base case, the units sold are 104,096. A small change to the best or worst case yields a large margin in the change of number of units sold. If there are misestimates in the estimations of the sales and prices figures, then the net present value will differ by a great margin